Abstract

Research Article

Associations of Burnout, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Individual Differences among Correctional Psychologists`

Irina G. Malkina-Pykh*

Published: 25 January, 2017 | Volume 1 - Issue 1 | Pages: 018-034

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine associations between secondary traumatic stress (ST), job burnout (BO) and several psychological variables such as world assumptions and locus of control in correctional psychologists.

Methods: This study utilized information provided by 87 currently prac¬ticing correctional mental health providers (psychologists) in the correctional settings across Russia in St.-Petersburg, Belgorod, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ryazan, etc. The sample included 51 men, 36 women. The mean age of participants was 34.9±6.9 (ranging from 25 to 48 years). Participants reported working a mean of 6.23±3.5 years (ranging from 3 months to 15 years) in a correc¬tional setting. Subjects were assessed with Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), World Assumption Scale (WAS) and Locus of Control (LC) Scale. Three sets of statistical analysis were provided: ANOVAs between- group comparisons with STS and BO as factors and Spearman correlation analyses.

Results: The results of our study reveal that burnout and secondary traumatic stress in correctional psychologists are significantly positively related and thus may be exacerbated by each other. BO is significantly negatively associated with WAS benevolence scale and the WAS self worth scale and STS is significantly negatively associated with WAS benevolence scale and the WAS meaningfulness scale. However, LC and its components are negatively associated with BO, but not with STS.

Conclusion: The main future direction of our research is to construct nonlinear model of burnout with STS, WA and LC components as predictors, identify its parameters and make its validation.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001003 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Correctional psychologists; Burnout; Secondary traumatic stress; World-view model; Locus of control

References

  1. Hawk, Kathleen M. Personal reflections on a career in correctional psychology. Professional Psychology. Research and Practice. 1997; 28: 335-337. Ref.: https://goo.gl/IE9VYW
  2. Senter A. Correctional psychologist burnout, job satisfaction and life satisfaction. 2006. Ref.: https://goo.gl/meQYXg
  3. Boothby JL, Clements CB. Job satisfaction of correctional psychologists: Implications for recruitment and retention. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2002; 33: 310-315. Ref.: https://goo.gl/AMHfYX
  4. Boothby JL, Clements CB. A national survey of correctional psychologists. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2000; 27: 716-732. Ref.: https://goo.gl/95ndeO
  5. Thomas JF, Augustin D. Criminal justice and mental health systems: The new continuum of care system. Correctional mental health: From theory to best practice. 2011; 7-35. Ref.: https://goo.gl/gLXrf5
  6. Powitzky RJ. Comparisons of correctional and community mental health service delivery models. Correctional mental health: From theory to best practice. 2011. Ref.: https://goo.gl/6ZU58D
  7. Smith RR, Sabatino DA. Roles and functions of psychologists in American correctional institutions. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 1990; 16: 163-174. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XOSZyh
  8. Richard R. The uncritical acceptance of risk assessment in forensic practice. Law and Human Behavior. 2000; 24: 595-605. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oiameg
  9. Silberman M. The social origins of violence in the American prison. Violence and society: A reader. 2003; 347-364.
  10. Haag AM. Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Correctional Psychologists in Canada. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2006; 33: 93-109. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1jYlDZ 
  11. Freudenberger HJ. Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues. 1974; 30: 159-165. Ref.: https://goo.gl/IXe78n
  12. Maslach C. Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1982. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LySyj5
  13. Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP, Schaufeli WB. Maslach burnout inventory, (3rd ed.), Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden. 1981. Ref.: https://goo.gl/JeyvDV
  14. McCann IL, Pearlman LA. Vicarious Traumatisation: A Framework for Understanding the Psychological Effects of Working with Victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1990; 3: 131-149. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4m4Nio
  15. Pearlman LA, Saakvitne KW. Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: Norton. 1995. Ref.: https://goo.gl/U6n7CU
  16. Figley CR. Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in those who treat the traumatised. 1995; 12. Ref.: https://goo.gl/RbT1fv
  17. Figley CR. Traumatic stress: The role of family and social support system. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake, Vol. II: Traumatic stress theory, research and intervention. 1986; 39-54.
  18. Stamm BH. Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researches and educators. 1995. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wdXNIh
  19. Stamm BH. The ProQOL manual. The professional quality of life scale: Compassion satisfaction, burnout & compassionfatigue/secondary trauma scales. 2005. https://goo.gl/Qrw7oo
  20. Figley CR. Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2002; 58: 1433-1441. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Pbb49h
  21. Chrestman KR. Secondary exposure to trauma and self reported distress among therapists. In Stamm BH: Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. 1995; 29-36. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XjWF8k
  22. Figley CR. Compassion fatigue: Toward a new under­standing of the costs of caring. Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, & educators. 1995; 3-28. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GXFd6b
  23. Denhof MD, Spinaris CG, Morton GR. Occupational Stressors in Corrections Organizations: Types, Effects and Solutions. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections. 2014; Ref.: https://goo.gl/nYVD2E
  24. Stamm BH. Work-related Secondary Traumatic Stress. The National Centre for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: PTSD Research Quarterly. 1997; 8: 2-8. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TJv4ac
  25. Stamm BH. The concise ProQOL manual. Pocatello, ID: ProQOL.org. 2010; Ref.: https://goo.gl/cpdWJe
  26. Jenkins SR, Baird S. Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validation study. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2002; 15: 423-432. Ref.: https://goo.gl/n7LSSh
  27. Sabin-Farrell R, Turpin G. Vicarious traumatization: Implication for the mental health of health workers. Clinical Psychology Review. 2003; 23: 449-480. Ref.: https://goo.gl/JoQjaz
  28. Salston MD, Figley CR. Secondary traumatic stress effects of working with survivors of criminal victimization. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2003; 16: 167-174. Ref.: https://goo.gl/CO3VGM
  29. Ortlepp K. Non-Professional Trauma Debriefers in the Workplace: Individual and Organisational Antecedents and consequences of their Experiences. 1998. Ref.: https://goo.gl/smfK1h
  30. Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH. Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002; 288: 1987-1993. Ref.: https://goo.gl/6w5wPE
  31. Janssen PM, deJonge J, Bakker AB. Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intentions: A study among nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1999; 29: 1360-1369. Ref.: https://goo.gl/eXavxB
  32. Laschinger HK, Shamian J, Thomson D. Impact of Magnet Hospital characteristics on nurses’ perceptions of trust, burnout, quality of care, and work satisfaction. Nursing Economics. 2001; 19: 209-219. https://goo.gl/NuW9gK
  33. Leiter MP, Maslach C. A mediation model of job burnout. Research companion to orga­nizational health psychology. 2005; 544-564. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oEDl4n
  34. Acker GM. Burnout among mental health care providers. Journal of Social Work. 2011; 1-16. Ref.: https://goo.gl/47WMBh
  35. Lasalvia A, Bonetto C, Bertani M, Bissoli S, Cristfalo D, et al. Influence of perceived organizational factors on job burnout: Survey of community mental health staff. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 195: 537-544. Ref.: https://goo.gl/uuddV5
  36. Leiter MP, Harvie PL. Burnout among mental health workers: A review and a research agenda. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1996; 42: 90-101. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TL5rWI
  37. Paris M, Hoge MA. Burnout in the mental health workforce: A review. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2010; 37: 519-528. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xYbbo3
  38. Gomez JS, Michaelis RC. An assessment of bumout in human service providers. The Journal of Rehabilitation. 1995; 61: 23-26. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4goHte
  39. Shelby RA, Stoddart RM, Taylor KL. Factors contributing to levels of bumout among sex offender treatment providers. Journal of Inter­personal Violence. 2001; 16: 1205-1217. doi:10.1177/088626001016011006. Ref.: https://goo.gl/M7GHrS
  40. Abendroth M, Flannery J. Predicting the risk of compassion fatigue: A study of hospice nurses. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing. 2006; 8: 346-356. Ref.: https://goo.gl/lvC7bR
  41. Austin W, Goble E, Leier B, Byrne P. Compassion fatigue: The experience of nurses. Ethics and Social Welfare. 2009; 3: 195-214. Ref.: https://goo.gl/67ao9c
  42. Yoder EA. Compassion fatigue in nurses. Applied Nursing Research. 2010; 23: 191-197. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ClGGrf
  43. Buchanan M, Anderson JO, Uhlemann MR, Horwitz E. Secondary traumatic stress: An investigation of Canadian mental health workers. 2006; 12: 272-281. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qm9WT7
  44. Alkema K, Linton JM, Davies R. A study of the relationship between self-care, compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout among hospice professionals. Journal of Social Work in End-Of-Life & Palliative Care. 2008; 4: 101-119. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FEVZYo
  45. Craig CD, Sprang G. Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in a national sample of trauma treatment therapists. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 2010; 23: 319-339. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3QD6Bh
  46. Murray M, Logan T, Simmons K, Kramer M B, Brown E, et al. Secondary traumatic stress, burnout, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction in trauma nurses. American Journal of Critical Care. 2009; 18: e1-e17. Ref.: https://goo.gl/JeOHT1
  47. Sprang G, Clark JJ, Whitt-Woosley A. Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional’s quality of life. Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2007; 12: 259-280. Ref.: https://goo.gl/B3ssQK
  48. Baird K, Kracen AC. Vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress: A research synthesis. Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 2006; 19: 181-188. Ref.: https://goo.gl/HkeS2P
  49. Hinderer KA, VonRueden KT, Friedmann E, McQuillan KA, Gilmore R, et al. Burnout, compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and secondary traumatic stress in trauma nurses. J Trauma Nurs. 2014; 21: 160-169. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ozZk6R
  50. Cieslak R, Shoji K, Douglas A, Meville E, Luszczynska A. A meta-analysis of the relationship between job burnout and secondary traumatic stress among workers with indirect exposure to trauma. Psychological Services. 2014; 11: 75-86. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8JY7C9
  51. Schaufeli WB, Peeters MCW. Job stress and burnout among correctional officers: A literature review. International Journal of Stress Management. 2000; 7: 19-48. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qNH17p
  52. Lambert E, Hogan N. The Importance of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Shaping Turnover Intent: A Test of a Causal Model. Criminal Justice Review. 2009; 34: 96-118. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Valx2c
  53. Bertee Jr. T. Predictors of Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Correctional Officers. PCOM Psychology Dissertations. 2012; 228. Ref.: https://goo.gl/v7SJQE
  54. Brown KL, Benningfield M. Death row corrections officers: Experiences, perspectives and attitudes. Criminal Justice Review. 2008; 33: 524-540. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7CfM58
  55. Crawley E. Bring it all back home? The impact of prison officers’ work on their families. Probation Journal. 2002; 49: 277-292. Ref.: https://goo.gl/l1Qimk
  56. Norton L, Woods G, Brown L. Secondary Trauma in Forensic Settings: Effects on Court Personnel, Jurists, Jurors, and Correctional Officers. International Journal of Trauma Research and Practice. 2014; 1: 28-34.
  57. Otero RF, McNally D, Powitzky R. Mental health services in adult correctional systems. Corrections Today. 1981; 43: 8-18. Ref.: https://goo.gl/YQ1in2
  58. Senter A, Morgan Robert D, Serna-McDonald C, Marshall B. Correctional psychologist bumout, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Psychological Services. 2010; 7: 190-201. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LQbirF
  59. aslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001; 52: 397-422. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kMYn37\
  60. Thomas WHNg, Sorensen KL, Eby LT. Locus of control at work: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2006; 27: 1057-1087. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wDeIba
  61. Thoresen CJ, Kaplan SA, Barsky AP, Warren CR, deChermont K. The affective underpinnings of job perceptions and attitudes: A meta-analytic review and integration. Psychological Bulletin. 2003; 129: 914-945. Ref.: https://goo.gl/JNMVdd
  62. Bateman TS, Crant JM. The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1993; 14: 103-118. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Hx6Kf9
  63. Alarcon G, Eschleman KJ, Bowling NA. Relationships between personality variables and burnout: A meta-analysis. Work & Stress. 2009; 23: 244-263. Ref.: https://goo.gl/u2811O
  64. Celik GT, Oral EL. Burnout levels and personality traits-The case of turkish architectural students. Creative Education. 2013; 4: 124-131. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZX8E98
  65. Badger K. Catastrophe in the workplace: Impact of indirect trauma exposure on hospital social workers. University of Kentucky. 2005. Ref.: https://goo.gl/18n9o4
  66. iménez BM, Benadero MEM, Muñoz AR, Carvajal RR. The influence of personality variables on secondary traumatic stress. Behavioral Psychology. 2006; 14: 201-214. Ref.: https://goo.gl/UJ5fMF
  67. Zerach G. Compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among residential child care workers: The role of personality resources. Residential Treatment For Children & Youth. 2013; 30: 72-91. Ref.: https://goo.gl/BVw3nx
  68. Eastwood CD, Ecklund K. Compassion fatigue risk and self-care practices among residential treatment center childcare workers. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth. 2008; 25: 103-122. Ref.: https://goo.gl/gzX5KH
  69. Gallavan DB, Newman JL. Predictors of burnout among correctional mental yealth professionals. Psychol Serv. 2013; 10: 115-122. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rgSLh1
  70. Scheck CL, Kinicki AJ, Davy JA. A longitudinal study of a multivariate model of the stress process using structural equations modeling. Human Relations. 1995; 48; 1481-1511. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ziemV2
  71. Janoff-Bulman R, Frieze IH. A theoretical perspective for understanding reactions to victimization. J. Soc. Is. 1983; 39: 1-17. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mI7LQ4
  72. Janoff-Bulman R. Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition. 1989; 7: 113-139. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4xu6RK
  73. Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: The Free Press. American J of Clinical Hypnosis. 1992; 36: 222-225. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kHla5W
  74. Dekel S, Mandl C, Solomon Z. Shared and unique predictors of posttraumatic growth and distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2011; 67: 241-252. Ref.: https://goo.gl/HMOGRF 
  75. Magwaza AS. Assumptive world of traumatized South African adults. J Soc Psychol. 1999; 139: 622-630. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bMhSkX
  76. Bodvarsdottir I, Elklit A. Psychological reactions in Icelandic earthquake survivors. Scand J Psychol. 2004; 45: 3-13. Ref.: https://goo.gl/AlK3BG
  77. Yuan C, Wang Z, Inslicht SS, McCaslin SE, Metzler TJ, et al. Protective factors for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a prospective study of police officers. Psychiatry Research. 2011; 188: 45-50. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mRhD6f
  78. Elklit A, Shevlin M, Solomon Z, Dekel R. Factor structure and concurrent validity of the world assumptions scale. J Trauma Stress. 2007; 20: 291-301. Ref.: https://goo.gl/R5Hkbv
  79. Foa EB, Ehlers A, Clark DM, Tolin DF, Orsillo SM. The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment. 1999; 11: 303-314. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7Wp8Ai
  80. Jind L. Do traumatic events influence cognitive schemata? Scand J Psychol. 2001; 42: 113-120. Ref.: https://goo.gl/UPoqiR
  81. Jeavons S, Godber T. World Assumptions as a measure of meaning in rural road crash victims. Aust J Rural Health. 2005; 13: 226-231. Ref.: https://goo.gl/RRcqj0
  82. Solomon Z, Iancu I, Tyano S. World assumptions following disaster. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1997; 27: 1785-1798. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ww8o9j
  83. Ginzburg K. PTSD and world assumptions following myocardial infarction: A longitudinal study. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2004; 74: 286-292. Ref.: https://goo.gl/P63C4R
  84. Ullman SE. Attributions, world assumptions, and recovery from sexual assault. J Child Sex Abuse. 1997; 6: 1-19. Ref.: https://goo.gl/VkMWyN
  85. Lee CS. Secondary traumatic stress in therapists who are exposed to client traumatic material. Dissertation Abstracts International. 1996; 56: 4586.
  86. Rotter JB. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General & Applied. 1966; 80: 1-28. Ref.: https://goo.gl/PVGoPf
  87. Phillips WM. Purpose in life, depression and locus of control. J Clin Psychol. 1980; 36: 661-667. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7SnBB2
  88. Reker GT. The purpose-in-life test in an inmate population: An empirical investigation. J Clin Psychol. 1977; 33: 688-693. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wxAl8Z
  89. Sammon SD, Reznikoff M. Geisenger KF. Psychosocial development and stressful life events among religious professionals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985; 48: 676-687. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cpX9y4
  90. Yarnell TD. Purpose-in-life test: Further correlates. J Individ Psychol. 1971; 27: 76-79. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Y7sV2N
  91. Adams TB, Bezner JR, Drabbs ME, Zambarano RJ, Steinhardt MA. Conceptualisation and measurement of the spiritual and psychological dimensions of wellness in a college population. Journal of American College Health. 2000; 48: 165-173. Ref.: https://goo.gl/y4hxQc
  92. Young MY. Moderators of stress in Salvadorian refugees: The role of social and personal resources. International Migration Review. 2001; 35: 840-869. Ref.: https://goo.gl/NamHkz
  93. Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter M. Manual for the Maslach Burnout Inventory. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 1996; 191-218. Ref.: https://goo.gl/6Nk2Ss
  94. Bride BE, Robinson MM, Yegidis B, Figley CR. Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale. Res Soc Work Pract. 2003; 14: 1-16. Ref.: https://goo.gl/VblfbE
  95. Rean AA. Handbook of personality assessment St Petersburg: St Petersburg University Press.
  96. Jaracz K, Gorna K, Konieczna J. Burnout, stress and styles of coping among hospital nurses. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2005; 50: 216-219. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LYhK6V
  97. Storm K, Rothmann S. The validation of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale in the South African Police Services. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 2003; 29: 62-70. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yqkSRc
  98. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Fourth edition text revision. https://goo.gl/dmqmyo
  99. Malkina-Pykh IG. Association of job burnout and secondary traumatic stress among psychologists. Acmeology. 2010; 1: 79-89.
  100. Bride BE. Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Soc Work. 2007; 52: 63-70. Ref.: https://goo.gl/s7I3K1
  101. Schwartzberg SS, Janoff-Bulman R. Grief and the search for meaning: Exploring the assumptive worlds of bereaved college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 1991; 10: 270-288. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Ot2zeC
  102. Thurmer IS. An invitation to pay attention: A quantitative study of vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress in child advocacy employees, volunteers and interns. Dgree of Master of Social Work. Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Massachusetts, 2013.
  103. Dekel R, Solomon Z, Elklit A, Ginzburg K. World assumptions and combat related posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2004; 144: 407:420. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GLeYci
  104. Foa EB, Zinbarg R, Rothbaum BO. Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: an animal model. Psychol Bull. 1992; 112: 218-38. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9vDuPI
  105. Foa E, Riggs D, Dancu C, Rothbaum B. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1993; 6: 459-474. Ref.: https://goo.gl/OqefbO
  106. Foa EB, Riggs DS. Post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Annual review of psychiatry. 1993; 12: 273-303.
  107. Hipps ES, Malpin G. The relationship of locus of control, stress related to performance- based accreditation, and job stress to burnout in public school teachers and principals. 1991; 46. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Gpaehj
  108. Wong TP, Sproule CF. An attributional analysis of locus of control construct and the Trent Attribution Profile. Research with the locus of control construct. 1984; 3: 81-83. Ref.: https://goo.gl/16s3zG
  109. Malkina-Pykh IG. An integrated model of psychological preparedness for threat and impacts of climate change disasters. 2013; 121-132. Ref.: https://goo.gl/6qmqal
  110. Malkina-Pykh IG, Pykh YA. The Method of Response Function in Psychology and Sociology. Southampton Boston : WIT Press. 2012; 245. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XhHOo1

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?