Variation in Genuine Handwriting While Writing on an Unusual Surface

Forensic handwriting analysis is a specialized ﬁ eld within forensic science that aims to identify and compare handwriting samples for investigative purposes. This scientiﬁ c note provides an overview of the fundamental principles, methodologies, and techniques involved in the examination of handwriting evidence. The note explores the importance of handwriting analysis in criminal investigations, discusses the underlying scientiﬁ c principles, and highlights the challenges faced by forensic experts in this ﬁ eld. Additionally, it explores the advancements in technology that have aided the analysis of handwriting and conclude with the potential future directions of research in forensic handwriting analysis. This study focuses on the natural variation that occurs due to the unusual surfaces of tables and bricks, the variation occurs mostly in the class characteristics of the person like slant, speed, line quality, alignment, etc. Samples are collected on two diﬀ erent surfaces; a table and a wall (smooth and rough surfaces). And on the basis of these two surfaces, the variations in the characteristics of the individual are observed. The signiﬁ cance of the research is to ﬁ nd out the range of natural variation that occurs in the individual handwriting whenever there is a change in the writing surface.

It is important to note that while handwriting analysis is often used for entertainment purposes or as a tool for selfre lection, it lacks widespread acceptance as a scienti ically valid method for personality assessment. However, there are ive rules that are typically followed in the identi ication of handwriting: 1. Each mature writer possesses a unique and personal handwriting style that is speci ic to them alone. This individuality sets their handwriting apart from others, highlighting its potential as a means of identi ication.
2. Deterioration of an individual's handwriting, regardless of the cause, affects all aspects of the writing and is not limited to changes in one or two elements. Any alteration in handwriting re lects a broader impact on the entire writing process. 3. A writer cannot surpass their maximum writing ability or skill level without signi icant effort and training applied over an extended period. This rule recognizes that individuals have a limit to their writing capabilities and any notable improvement requires dedicated practice.

Background
Handwriting is a unique and individual characteristic possessed by every person. It is often considered one of the fundamental principles of forensic science, speci ically the Law of Individuality. The Law of Individuality states that every object, whether natural or man-made, possesses a distinct identity that cannot be replicated by any other object. Handwriting analysis, also known as graphology, is a practice that involves examining the characteristics and patterns of an individual's handwriting to gain insights into their personality traits, emotional state, and even physical health.
Although graphology is not universally recognized as a scienti ically valid method for determining a person's character or personality traits, it is occasionally employed in forensic investigations to assist in the identi ication of potential suspects or the comparison of handwriting samples. Graphologists analyze various aspects of handwriting, including letter shapes, slant, size, spacing, and pressure, in order to draw conclusions about the writer [1]. Multiple theories and approaches exist within the ield of handwriting analysis, all aiming to explain the relationship between an individual's personality and handwriting characteristics. of everyone's handwriting. Individuals may exhibit slight differences in their writing style over time or in different contexts, re lecting the natural variability within their writing. 5. Attempts to disguise one's handwriting typically result in an inferior quality of writing rather than an improvement. Deliberate efforts to alter one's handwriting tend to produce an imitation that falls short of the writer's original skill level.
While these rules provide a framework for the identi ication and analysis of handwriting, it is crucial to approach handwriting analysis with caution and skepticism. The ield of graphology is not universally accepted within the scienti ic community, and its indings should be interpreted with consideration for its limitations [2].
In summary, handwriting analysis, or graphology, involves examining the unique characteristics and patterns of an individual's handwriting to gain insights into their personality traits. Although it is not widely regarded as a scienti ically valid method for personality assessment, it can be utilized in forensic investigations to aid in suspect identi ication or handwriting comparison. The ive rules of handwriting identi ication emphasize the personal and individual nature of handwriting, the impact of deterioration on all writing properties, the limitations of surpassing one's maximum writing ability, the inherent variations within each person's handwriting, and the inferior quality of attempted disguise. While handwriting analysis can be entertaining and re lective, it should be approached with caution and considered supplementary to other forms of evidence or assessment.

Admissibility of document evidence in India
Section 29 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) document pertains to the representation of any matter expressed or described on a substance using letters, igures, marks, or a combination thereof, with the intention of using or potentially using it as evidence. This section acknowledges the signi icance of such representations as potential sources of proof.
Moving on to Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, of 1872, this section deals with the admissibility of opinions provided by experts in speci ic ields. When the court needs to form an opinion on matters pertaining to foreign law, science, art, or the identi ication of handwriting or inger impressions, the opinions of individuals possessing specialized knowledge in those respective ields become relevant and admissible as evidence. These individuals are commonly referred to as experts.
In line with this, Section 47 of the Indian Evidence Act, of 1872 addresses the relevance of opinions concerning handwriting when the court needs to determine the identity of the person who wrote or signed a particular document. In such cases, the opinion of any person familiar with the handwriting of the individual in question becomes signi icant. This person can offer their expert opinion on whether the document was indeed written or signed by the individual in question or if it was not.
These provisions underscore the importance of expert opinions in legal proceedings, particularly in matters involving foreign law, scienti ic or artistic knowledge, and the identi ication of handwriting or inger impressions. Expert opinions hold weight as relevant facts that aid the court in forming its opinion on speci ic matters. By considering the specialized knowledge of individuals well-versed in these ields, the legal system can ensure a more accurate and informed decision-making process.
In summary, Section 29 of the IPC document acknowledges the value of representations made on substances as potential evidence. Meanwhile, Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act highlights the relevance of expert opinions in cases involving foreign law, science, art, or identi ication of handwriting or inger impressions. Additionally, Section 47 emphasizes the signi icance of opinions regarding handwriting in determining the authorship or authenticity of a document. These provisions collectively contribute to a fair and comprehensive legal system that values expert knowledge and evidence-based decision-making.

Why handwriting is important?
"Handwriting is part of our civilization, it's part of the identity of our culture and not just a tool for communication. I think there's another layer of importance to handwriting and there's also a cognitive argument about how you process information when you write it down. Some students are absolutely wedded to their pen because it means so much to them but my perception is whilst the printing press transformed the written world it didn't make handwriting obsolete. This is sort of the case now but we don't know if that's going to be right for everyone so until that happens we have to make sure our students know how to write."-Tricia Kelleher.
Handwriting reinforces our reading and language processing skills. Writing by hand allows time to slow down the thought process enabling the writer to think about the words, how they are spelled, and the structure of the writing; all making the writer more adept at the language they are using.

Comparison characteristics
Skill level: Skill level can best be explained as admiration of beauty as applied to handwriting. A Person with a high skill level produces writing that is in low, rhythm, perhaps artistically embellished, and in short, aesthetically pleasing to the eye. An individual having a low skill level makes an output that is hesitant, slowly executed, may contain grotesque, although frequent letter formations, and in general, is not very formations, or "Arcade" if the pen moves underhand, or counter-clockwise, producing saw-toothed letter formations. Although accurate these terms are frequently found in the speech patterns and report language of graphologists. The importance of movement is readily apparent. Two letters that are right in form and pictorially similar can be entirely different when it comes to the direction of the pen that was moving when they were produced. Two alike appearing lower-case "t's" may have the different crossing strokes made with the pen going left to right in one, and right to left in the other. While appearing similar, these two "t' "s" are, in fact, fundamentally different. The direction of movement of the pen while writing implemented can often be discovered by low-power microscopic observation of the ink or pencil line. A majority of ballpoint pens, because of normally occurring defects in the ball housing, leave behind striate in the ink line. During changes in pen direction, these striate will move from the inside of the ink line to the outside. The small "leg" of the striation characterised where the pen came from, and the longer portion of the striation, where it is going. Make out pencil direction is quite different but again relatively simplistic. While the surface of writing paper appears to be very smooth to the touch and naked eye, it is in reality made of ibrous material that has de inite texture, albeit microscopic. These randomly crisscrossing ibres remove portions of the pencil "lead" as the pencil scrapes across the paper's surface. Microscopically, a build-up of the lead will be observed to be thicker on the trailing edges of the ibres than on the leading edges. This will indicate a direction, the pencil moving from the direction of the heavily deposited sides of the ibres to the sides of lesser deposits.

Alignment to baseline
This is directly the relationship of the questioned writing to a baseline of the writing. It is the adherence of the writing to either a preformed (printed) or imaginary baseline. The writing may have an angle upward, or downward, be concave or convex, or have designs of changes for different letters, letter portions, or signatures. It may be on the baseline, go above the baseline, or be irregular with regard to the baseline.

Pen lifts
Here we note where the writing instrument lifts up from the paper, usually interior to a word or signature. It may be a natural incident for a speci ic writer to lift the pen at an unusual point in the writing or it may be an indicator of spuriousness if it is in the form of patching or not found in the standard material.

Spacing
Letter spacing is the amount of space put in between letters or words. The letters could all be connected or spaced drastically. The height, width, and size of the Letters are very self-explanatory; this simply analyses the proportions of the handwriting.
pleasing to the eye. Skill level, itself is one of the more important characteristics of identi ication or non-identi ication. One of the basic appearances of handwriting identi ication is that the individual having a low skill level cannot write above that level, while the individual with a high skill level can write to a lower level, or generally make writing of a low quality than what is his norm. This view will, at times, allow for the elimination (if not elimination) of a suspect from a questioned body of writing. If the questioned writing shows an extremely high skill level, the writer that can only write a much lower quality of writing could not have written the questioned material. An individual with a lower skill level attempting to create a higher level of writing is for the most part changing his own handwriting and is attempting to fashion an artistic form of an imagined handwriting style. This is a disguised form of writing.

Slant or inclination:
Slant is the outlook of inclination of handwriting or a letter of writing from the baseline of that writing. It may be leaning to the right or forward slant or leaning to the left if it is a backward slant [3]. The angle of writing may change from the start of a word to the end of a word, or from the start of a sentence, or paragraph. If this inds the difference in slant is reproduced habitually, it may be of itself an identifying characteristic. Often a left or a right slant is thought of as characteristic of a right-handed or lefthanded writer. This is far from de initive. Even though many left-handed people do maintain a backward slant to their writing, this is not ixed to just "lefties". Writing angle, as an individual's identifying characteristic, does not commonly carry the weight that many other areas of examination would. However, a questioned sample of writing having a forward slant is obviously quite dissimilar from another sample of writing having a backhand slant. Many graphologists actually attempt to quantitate slants by physically measuring the angles and putting the results into report form. They may then extract conclusions that small differences are indicative of one writer because they are, after all, only slight differences, or different writers because there are differences. This is patently absurd.
Form: This is one of the most basic of individual characteristics. The form is the engraved representation of the alphabet or writing movement. A highly visible dissimilarity in the form of the same letter found in both the questioned and standard material is an inherent difference in handwriting. The form is the basic individual characteristic that will receive the document examiner's close scrutiny. It is the lamppost that lights the way for the rest of the handwriting comparison.

Movement
This is the style in which the pen moves in order for the formation of a letter. A few parts of movement have been historically referred to as "Garland" if the pen moves overhand, or clockwise, producing rounded letter https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001046

Speed
The speed of the writer is often an essential element of the document examination process. As will be discussed elsewhere, fast, luid pen movement is dif icult to duplicate by a forger [4]. The following comparison represents many of the indicators of fast or slow writing: crossings Words or initials connected A " lattened" appearance.
Slow: Hesitation, tremor, more angular writing "i" dots & "t" crossings in correct position Sharp delineation between separate pen movements. Blunt starts and stops Writing is made of individual letters and legible Movements may be ornamental.

Forensic importance of handwriting
Graphology and handwriting analysis are fascinating ields that fall under the umbrella of psychology. By studying the strokes and patterns in an individual's handwriting, graphology aims to gain insight into their personality traits. Handwriting can reveal valuable information about emotional and mental stability, making it essential in various contexts, including criminal pro iling and investigations.
The primary objective of graphology is to determine a person's personality characteristics by analyzing their handwriting, which serves as a medium for expressing behavior and individual response styles (McNeal, 1967). In forensic science, graphological studies play a crucial role in dealing with cases involving criminal psychiatric activities, suicide notes, and anonymous letters. By examining the handwriting in ransom notes, poison pen letters, or blackmail demands, graphology aids in identifying criminals and understanding their modus operandi, particularly in the case of serial killers or mentally unstable individuals [5,6].
The analysis of disputed documents and signature examination is a common practice in the forensic application of graphology. This process involves comparing handwriting samples and identifying similarities and dissimilarities under legal circumstances. Elements such as writing construction, proportion, and shape carry signi icant weight in the analysis. Authentication, fraud, and disguise are thoroughly investigated using veri iable methods and modern scienti ic equipment [7]. It is important to note, however, that analysis in this ield is not an exact science. Conclusions are based on factual evidence, evaluated for their signi icance by the expert, and ultimately lead to their professional opinion.
In civil cases, graphology experts have a duty to provide written reports and present evidence to assist the courts. This duty supersedes any obligation they may have to the party that engaged them. It is not uncommon for two expert witnesses to arrive at different opinions, allowing lawyers, judges, and juries to debate and form their own conclusions based on the presented evidence.
In summary, graphology and handwriting analysis offer valuable insights into a person's personality traits by examining their handwriting. These ields have signi icant applications in forensic science, aiding in criminal pro iling and investigations. While the analysis process is not an exact science, it relies on factual evidence and expert opinion to provide valuable information to the legal system. By understanding the nuances of handwriting, graphologists contribute to uncovering the truth behind disputed documents and signatures, playing a crucial role in the pursuit of justice.

Role of graphology in forensic investigation
Forensic document examination is a meticulous and scienti ic process that involves the examination, comparison, and analysis of various documents. The primary objectives of this ield are multifaceted, aiming to establish the authenticity of documents, unveil any alterations or manipulations, determine the source of handwriting or machine-produced documents, identify additional impressions or relevant evidence and provide comprehensive reports and expert testimony. In some cases, forensic document examiners also encounter challenges related to deciphering, restoring, or enhancing obscured, deleted, or damaged portions of documents. One of the key aspects of forensic document examination is expertise in handwriting identi ication. This encompasses the analysis of various writing styles, including cursive or script writing, hand printing, signatures, numerals, and other written marks or signs. However, it is important to note that forensic document examination does not involve the application of calligraphic or engrossing skills, nor does it encompass a study of an individual's personality or character. The process of forensic document examination requires a systematic and scienti ic approach. Forensic document examiners employ a range of specialized techniques and tools to carefully examine each document. They scrutinize the paper, ink, and other materials used, as well as the overall layout, formatting, and content. By comparing and contrasting different documents, examiners can detect any discrepancies or irregularities that may indicate forgery, tampering, or unauthorized modi ications. When assessing handwriting, forensic document examiners analyze various characteristics, such as letter formations, spacing between letters and words, slant, baseline alignment, pressure exerted, and individual writing habits. By meticulously examining these features and employing advanced technologies like computerized analysis systems, they can determine whether two samples of handwriting originate from the same individual or different sources. In addition to handwriting analysis, forensic document examiners employ a wide array of techniques to uncover hidden or obscured information. They may use specialized lighting, ilters, or other imaging technologies to enhance faded or erased text, revealing vital details that were once invisible. They may also employ chemical treatments or physical restoration methods to recover information from damaged or deteriorated documents. Upon completing their examination, forensic document examiners compile detailed reports that outline their indings, methodologies, and conclusions. These reports serve as essential documentation in legal proceedings and are subject to scrutiny and crossexamination. Furthermore, forensic document examiners may be called upon to provide expert testimony in court, where they present their indings and offer professional opinions to assist the trier of fact in reaching a just verdict. In summary, forensic document examination is a specialized ield that combines scienti ic expertise with meticulous analysis to determine the genuineness, integrity, and origin of various documents. Through the examination of handwriting, identi ication of alterations, decipherment of hidden information, and comprehensive reporting, forensic document examiners play a crucial role in uncovering the truth and ensuring justice in legal matters involving document authenticity and manipulation.
• Pens that use porous material.
• Ballpoint pen where rotating ball rolls either waterbased ink or glycol-based ink.
Writing support: When paper is placed on a rough surface, hard surface, smooth surface, and soft surface, it will affect the writing [4].

Position of Writer:
The writing deteriorates when a writer attempts to write from an awkward position.
Lighting: Dim light makes it dif icult for the writer to follow a line. Bright light may temporarily blind the writer and his/her writing gets distorted.
Type of paper: Porous paper, poor quality paper, and well-inished paper will affect the writing.

Time span:
Handwriting changes over a period of time until the writer reaches graphic maturity. (Graphic maturity is reached when movement is made from a habitual neuromuscular pattern, usually occurring when a person reaches adulthood around 21).
Health: A writer who is under severe stress or in severe pain will not write in a normal manner. A long-term illness like cancer will cause handwriting to slowly deteriorate.

Mental health:
Mentally ill people often have dif iculty in writing. Suicide notes and letters show deterioration of quality of writing although they exhibit characteristics of the normal writing of the writer [9].

Drugs and medication:
Confusion and dizziness may disturb the overall writing of an individual causing deteriorated writing.
Alcohol & drug abuse: Their abuse over a period of time causes deterioration in writing.
Accidentals: Accidental strokes are aberrations that occur as a result of transitory indented writing that is usually developed in the incident such as someone bumping into the writer's arm.
Guided hand: One in which the writer gets support from another person when attempting to write. The resultant writing does not resemble either writer.

Infl uencing factors for handwriting
In luence of training on the features of handwriting: -The training of handwriting is more or less related to the initial stages of handwriting development in which the person starts to build his or her handwriting by following a speci ic pattern given in books [2]. At this stage, the difference between the writing of the students is quite less and they cannot be recognized at once since they follow the same pattern given in the book as the other students do. But as this training advances and the student goes to the higher classes after building a basic pattern of how to write and developing a speci ic line quality they tend to deviate from the so-called copybook style. This deviation from the copybook style of the students forms the basis of the development of handwriting which is highly individualistic [9]. In luence of race and nationality: -The distinguishing personality of handwriting is not limited to individuals. The writing of different races and nationalities in the world is marked and varied in its idiosyncrasies as are the physiognomies and other peculiar race characteristics. It is seen that the writing of every country or province is found to have a similar style and may be distinguished as to which particular province or country it belongs. In luence of heredity: -There is some evidence from the studies that the handwriting of family members may match to some extent. The match or mismatch is very much dependent on the extent of heredity and the factors like environmental or the interaction between both. But there have been some researches that suggest that there is a strong in luence of heredity on handwriting as any other heredity factor like speaking, walking, etc [10,11].
In luence of sex on handwriting: -The sex of a person is also an important factor in the formation of handwriting. Due to the different approaches of men and women towards life and due to different characteristics in life, they build different habits in handwriting. As women are more affected by decoration and ornaments they produce handwriting which have decorated letters. Similarly, men being rough and busy shows their characteristics by not giving much importance to letter decoration and focusing on the completion of writing with reasonable legibility.

Review literature
Handwriting studies often involve conventional writing surfaces like plain paper or lined outcomes. For instance, they have investigated how paper texture in luences letter formation, stroke dynamics, and pen pressure, aiming to understand the impact of different paper surfaces on the handwriting process. The literature on unconventional surfaces in handwriting is relatively limited, as it is a specialized area within the broader ield of handwriting analysis. Nonetheless, a few studies and observations have examined the effects of writing on non-traditional surfaces.
Here is a brief summary of some relevant literature: Dutton, G.  [13]. Remembering the orientation of newly learned characters depends on the associated writing knowledge: A comparison between handwriting and typing. Human Movement Science, 25(5-6), 646-656. Although not directly focused on unusual surfaces, this study investigated the role of writing in character learning and orientation recall. The indings indicated that handwriting characters on a lat surface improved orientation recall compared to typing. This suggests that the act of writing itself, regardless of the surface, can in luence memory processes. Momeni, M., & Azimi, M. (2016) [3,14], An Experimental Study on the Effects of Writing Surfaces on Handwriting Parameters, Journal of Experimental Education, 84(4), 684-698. This study examined the in luence of different writing surfaces on various handwriting parameters, including line quality, letter size, and shape. The researchers compared traditional paper surfaces with unconventional ones like glass, metal, and wood [15]. The results indicated that the writing surface could affect the legibility and quality of handwriting. Shabani, K., & Keshavarzi, S. (2017), The Effect of Writing Surface on Handwriting Legibility, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7 (2), 66-78. This study investigated the impact of different writing surfaces on handwriting legibility. The researchers examined legibility measures, such as letter height, width, spacing, stroke velocity, and duration. The indings suggest that writing on non-traditional surfaces, like textured paper or rough surfaces, can affect legibility and writing quality. These studies provide a deeper understanding of how intentionally manipulating the surface can in luence handwriting aesthetics. However, researchers have explored the effects of various paper textures, colours, and patterns on writing performance. Handwriting is a neuro-muscular phenomenon and is unique in nature. The potential of the hand in designing the writing involves complex mechanisms of the united movement of ingers, thumb, and hand which is operated by the timed neural response system. It's been said that any two objects greater than molecular size have some variation [16]. And so it's with the handwriting. We do not at all write anything absolutely the same. The variation in the skills of an individual depends upon the movement of the body of the individual. Movement holds all the components of writing, the higher the movement higher the skill of the writer [17]. The parameters of an individual's handwriting are de ined by these small changes to individual characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of the present research is to study the hypothesis 'higher the movement higher the skill' [18]. For the analysis the handwriting sample was taken from an individual who does weightlifting or gym and half the sample was taken from normal people who don't prefer gym. The result indicates a massive difference in variation of the handwriting of the weightlifters and non-lifters, due to the stiffness of muscles there is less movement in their body while writing.

Introduction
The objective of this research was to investigate the differences in handwriting characteristics when written on a Table (smooth surface) and Wall (rough surface) by the same individual. This review provides a detailed methodology employed to collect and analyze the samples, focusing on ive key class characteristics of handwriting: slant of letter/word, writing skill, line quality, letter proportion, and line alignment.

Sample collection
A total of 30 individuals were selected to participate in the study. Each participant was provided with a standardized paragraph as the sample text. The participants were instructed to write the sample twice using a cello gripper ball pen. The irst writing was conducted on a white plain A4 sheet placed on a table (smooth surface), followed by writing on a wall (rough surface).

Sample labelling
To ensure accurate identi ication and tracking of samples, each collected sample was assigned a unique label such as "Sample 1," "Sample 2," and so on. This labelling system facilitated subsequent analysis and comparison of the collected data.

Analysis process
After sample collection, the research team embarked on the analysis phase. The team members responsible for the research paper conducted an in-depth examination of the samples, considering the following class characteristics of handwriting: a. Slant of Letter/Word: The angle at which the letters or words are inclined in relation to the baseline.
b. Writing Skill: The overall pro iciency and competence exhibited in handwriting, including letter formation, spacing, and consistency.
c. Line Quality: The smoothness and steadiness of the lines formed in the handwriting.
d. Letter Proportion: The relative size and proportion of individual letters within words and sentences.
e. Line Alignment: The level of alignment and parallelism between successive lines of writing.

Hypothesis
By analyzing the collected samples and taking into account the aforementioned class characteristics of handwriting, this research aimed to discern any noticeable differences in handwriting between writing on smooth and rough surfaces. The review methodology described the process of sample collection, labeling, and subsequent analysis by the research team.
The indings of this study have the potential to contribute to our understanding of the impact of surface texture on handwriting characteristics. Further research and analysis will be required to draw de initive conclusions and explore the implications of these indings in various ields such as forensics, education, and document analysis.

Handwriting analysis
Smooth Surface (Table I): In the context of writing on a smooth surface, these characteristics are essential for achieving legible and effortless writing. They contribute to the overall writing experience, ensuring that the pen or pencil glides smoothly across the surface, allowing for precise and controlled movements. The lack of friction minimizes interruptions and promotes consistent strokes, resulting in neat and clear writing.  Table IV Shows the changes in the skill of "high, medium, and low" the writings executed under unusual writing conditions as compared to normal writing conditions. It shows that more the 50% of individuals have changes in their writing skills while writing on a rough surface.

Rough Surface (brick):
Table V Shows the changes in the alignment of "above baseline, on the baseline, and below baseline" the writings executed under unusual writing conditions as compared to normal writing conditions. It shows that 40% of individuals have changes in their alignment while writing on a rough surface.
Table VI Shows the changes in the line quality of "good, medium, and poor" the writings executed under unusual writing conditions as compared to normal writing conditions. It shows that 70% of individuals have changes in their line quality while writing on a rough surface.

Conclusion
The analysis of various features included in the study, both qualitative and quantitative, indicates that the type of writing instrument and the surface used for the questioned writing signi icantly in luence several aspects of handwriting. However, there are still a number of hidden repetitive features that are subconscious, habitual, and beyond the writer's conscious control. Forensic document examination can effectively evaluate these concealed features and, if they are relevant and suf icient in a particular case, form an opinion about the authorship based on their evidential value. However, in practical situations, it may not always be possible to establish the authorship of disputed handwriting due to various reasons. These reasons include the limited extent of the questioned writing, intentional distortion and disguise by the perpetrator to conceal their identity, poor legibility of the written characters, lack of similar letters and combinations in the available standards for comparison, poor line quality of the questioned writing due to the writer's level of education and skill, as well as the nature of the writing instrument and the surface used for the questioned document. Nevertheless, considering the complexity of such issues, it is recommended to provide, whenever possible, standard material for comparison that contains similar letters and combinations produced under similar conditions as the questioned writing. Additionally, it is important to handle physical evidence, such as disputed documents created under unusual conditions, with care and conduct specialized investigations. For example, smooth surfaces and certain documents, such as writings on walls or human body parts, cannot be directly transported to the laboratory. In such cases, it becomes necessary to supply specialized photographs taken by a professional document photographer that accurately represent the originals. If deemed necessary, the document examiner can also be given the opportunity to directly examine the original writings at the crime scene.

Future and development of handwriting analysis and research
The future development of forensic handwriting analysis and research promises to revolutionize the ield of handwriting examination, introducing cutting-edge technologies and advanced methodologies. With the rapid advancements in arti icial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics, handwriting analysis will be propelled into a new era of accuracy and ef iciency. Automated systems using AI will be able to process vast amounts of handwriting samples, swiftly identifying patterns and unique characteristics that may elude human eyes.
Additionally, the integration of digitalization and advanced imaging techniques will enhance the analysis of electronic and digital signatures. Digital forensic experts will be equipped with innovative tools that can extract, analyze, and interpret     handwritten data from various devices, leading to more reliable evidence in legal cases.
The development of comprehensive databases and international collaboration among forensic institutions will play a pivotal role in the future. Centralized repositories of handwriting samples from individuals across the globe will allow for more extensive comparative analysis, improving the accuracy of identi ication and veri ication of questioned documents.
Furthermore, interdisciplinary research combining forensic handwriting analysis with psychology, linguistics, and neurology will deepen our understanding of how handwriting characteristics are in luenced by the individual's cognitive and physiological traits. This deeper understanding will facilitate the development of advanced pro iling techniques, aiding investigators in connecting suspects to anonymous or disguised writings.
Privacy and security concerns will also drive the future of forensic handwriting research. As technology advances, the potential for forgery and manipulation of digital signatures will necessitate the development of robust security measures, such as blockchain-based signature authentication systems.
Moreover, the future will witness a growing focus on the analysis of handwriting in various languages and scripts, enabling global cooperation in forensic investigations. Researchers will work towards creating multi-lingual databases and tools to accommodate the diverse linguistic landscape of the world.
In conclusion, the future of forensic handwriting analysis and research is promising, with a convergence of arti icial intelligence, digitalization, and interdisciplinary collaboration. As these technologies and methodologies evolve, forensic experts will have powerful tools at their disposal, ensuring more accurate and reliable results in the examination of questioned documents, and thus, contributing to the administration of justice in an increasingly complex world.